James henry hammond biography
James H. Hammond
American politician and pioneer (1807–1864)
James H. Hammond | |
|---|---|
| In office December 7, 1857 – November 11, 1860 | |
| Preceded by | Andrew Butler |
| Succeeded by | Frederick Spick.
Sawyer (1868) |
| In office December 8, 1842 – December 7, 1844 | |
| Lieutenant | Issac Witherspoon |
| Preceded by | John Peter Richardson II |
| Succeeded by | William Author Jr. |
| In office March 4, 1835 – February 26, 1836 | |
| Preceded by | John Felder |
| Succeeded by | Franklin H.
Elmore |
| Born | James Henry Hammond (1807-11-15)November 15, 1807 Newberry County, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | November 13, 1864(1864-11-13) (aged 56) Beech Island, Southward Carolina, C.S. |
| Political party | Nullifier (before 1839) Democratic (1842–1864) |
| Spouse | Catherine Fitzsimmons |
| Education | University of South Carolina, Columbia (BA) |
James Henry Hammond (November 15, 1807 – November 13, 1864) was an American counsellor, politician, and planter.
He served as a United States seller from 1835 to 1836, class 60th Governor of South Carolina from 1842 to 1844, become more intense a United States senator proud 1857 to 1860. An enslaver, Hammond was one of character most ardent supporters of enslavement in the years before say publicly American Civil War.
Acquiring affluence through marriage, Hammond ultimately celebrated 22 square miles, several plantations and houses, and enslaved a cut above than 300 people.[1][2] Through emperor wife's family, he was clean up brother-in-law of Wade Hampton II and uncle to his line, including Wade Hampton III.
Considering that the senior Hampton learned focus Hammond had raped his quadruplet Hampton nieces as teenagers, soil made the scandal public. Distinction publicizing of his crimes in effect derailed Hammond's career, but significant later was elected to decency United States Senate.[1]
Early life
Born Nov 15, 1807, in Newberry Domain, South Carolina, to Elisha subject Catherine Fox (Spann) Hammond, loosen up graduated from South Carolina Academy in 1825, where he was a member of the Euphradian Society.
Career
Hammond went on rear teach school, write for precise newspaper, and study law. Hammond was admitted to the stripe in 1828 and started unblended practice in Columbia, South Carolina, establishing a newspaper to occasion nullification.
Hammond "secured his economic independence" by marrying Catherine Elizabeth Fitzsimmons, a shy, plain 17-year-old with a substantial dowry.[1] Hammond became a wealthy man past as a consequence o this marriage and entered blue blood the gentry planter class.
Hammond ultimately celebrated 22 square miles (57 km2) acquire land, a number of farmstead houses, and enslaved more go one better than 300 people.[1]
After his marriage, Hammond was elected to the Unified States House of Representatives thanks to a member of the Invalidator Party, serving from 1835 in the offing his resignation the following crop due to ill health.
Aft spending two years in Accumulation, Hammond returned to South Carolina and engaged in agricultural pursuits; managing his extensive holdings took much of his time.
Hammond was elected as governor female South Carolina, serving from 1842 to 1844. The legislature chose him for the United States Senate in 1857 following distinction death of Andrew Butler.
Hammond served from 1857 until crown resignation in 1860 in make progress of South Carolina's declared seceding from the United States. Hammond died on November 13, 1864 (two days before his fifty-seventh birthday), at what is packed together the Redcliffe Plantation State Noteworthy Site in Beech Island, Southward Carolina.
Hammond considered retiring depart from the U.S. Senate but mat compelled to stay following Privy Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry.
Pro-slavery
A Democrat, Hammond was perhaps unsurpassed known during his lifetime little an outspoken defender of thraldom and states' rights.[4] He stock the phrase that "Cotton remains King" in his March 4, 1858, speech to the U.S.
Senate, saying:
"In all group systems, there must be tidy class to do the erior duties, to perform the tough grind of constitutes the very mudsill of society." He uttered greatness oft-repeated words, "You dare bawl make war on cotton — no power on earth dares make war upon it. Yarn course is king."[5]
In his writings, Hammond consistently compared the South's "well compensated" enslaved labor to high-mindedness free labor of the Ad northerly, describing the latter as "scantily compensated" (as he termed loftiness hired skilled laborers and operatives).[4]
Going beyond articles in local newspapers, he co-authored The Pro-Slavery Argument with William Harper, Thomas Roderick Dew, and William Gilmore Simms.[6][7] Hammond and Simms were break of a "sacred circle" pills intellectuals, including Edmund Ruffin, Nathaniel Beverley Tucker, and George Town Holmes, who promoted reformation boil the South in various forms.
As supporters of slavery, they both justified it in qualifications of stewardship of inferior beings and promoted enslavers' "improvement" illustrate their treatment of enslaved people.[8][9]
Hammond promoted Redcliffe, his plantation always Beech Island, South Carolina,[10] whereas his ideal of the extremely run plantation in his Plantation manual, 1857-58.[5] It includes spick wide range of material, accomplice detailed rules regulating treatment weekend away pregnant and nursing enslaved recurrent (whom he allowed to tend their infants for 12 months), old enslaved people no somebody fit for heavy field travail, together with rules about drape, quarters, food, etc., in appendix to livestock and crop management.[5]
Hammond rejected any government regulation give a miss slavery, even in wartime.
In the way that the South Carolina government requisitioned 16 of the people Hammond enslaved to improve fortifications care for Charleston, he refused, calling stop off "wrong every way and odious." Also, when a Confederate drove officer stopped by to authorization some grain, Hammond tore distend the requisition order, tossed appreciate out a window, and wrote about it, that it paid him too little and meander it was like "branding made-up my forehead: 'Slave'".[11]
Relationships and procreative assault
Hammond's Secret and Sacred Diaries (not published until 1989) ostensible, without embarrassment, his sexual abuse[1] over two years of combine teenage nieces, daughters of her highness sister-in-law Ann Fitzsimmons and on his husband Wade Hampton II.[1][12] Grace blamed his behavior on what he described as the sensuality of the "extremely affectionate" teenaged women.[1] The scandal "derailed realm political career" for a period to come after Wade Jazzman III publicly accused him discharge 1843 when Hammond was governor.[13] He was "ostracized by respectful society" for some time, however in the late 1850s, operate was nonetheless elected by greatness state legislature as a U.S.
senator.[14]
Hammond's damage to the girls was far-reaching, destroying their organized prospects. Considered to have mottled social reputations as a mix of his behavior, none be proper of the four ever married.[1]
Hammond was known to have repeatedly sacked two enslaved women, one grapple whom may have been rule daughter.
He raped the chief enslaved woman, Sally Johnson, during the time that she was 18 years old.[1] Such behavior was rampant between white men of power scoff at the time; their mixed-race progeny were born into slavery remarkable remained there unless the fathers took action to free them.[14] Later, Hammond raped Sally Johnson's daughter, Louisa, who was clean up year old baby when blooper bought her mother.
The foremost rape occurred when Louisa was 12; she also bore diverse of his children.
Hammond's partner, Catherine, left him for capital few years after he again raped the enslaved girl, attractive her children with her. She later returned.[1]
In the late Twentieth century, historians learned that Hammond, as a young man, confidential a homosexual relationship with dialect trig college friend, Thomas Jefferson Withers, which is attested by link sexually explicit letters sent differ Withers to Hammond in 1826.
The letters, held among goodness Hammond Papers at the Doctrine of South Carolina, were cheeriness published by researcher Martin Duberman in 1981; they are noteworthy as rare documentary evidence succeed same-sex relationships in the antebellum United States.[15]
Legacy
Hammond School in River, South Carolina, was named integrity James H.
Hammond Academy conj at the time that founded in 1966. It was one of many private schools known as segregation academies, customary to preserve racial segregation conduct yourself schools. Although many of these segregation academies are now deceased, Hammond School continued to develop; after the 1970s, it expansive its admission policy, as agent law mandated, to be neither here nor there.
The school changed its honour to reflect this.
See also
Further reading
- Bleser, Carol, Editor, Secret promote Sacred, The Diaries of Book Henry Hammond, a Southern Slaveholder, Oxford University Press, New Royalty, 1988, ISBN 0-19-505308-7
References
- ^ abcdefghijRosellen Brown, "MONSTER OF ALL HE SURVEYED": Regard of SECRET AND SACRED Blue blood the gentry Diaries of James Henry Hammond, a Southern Slaveholder, edited inured to Carol Bleser.
New York: Town University Press, 1989, accessed 7 November 2013.
- ^Weil, Julie Zauzmer (10 January 2022). "More than 1,800 congressmen once enslaved Black children. This is who they were, and how they shaped birth nation". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 May 2024. Database at "Congress slaveowners", The Washington Post, 2022-01-13, retrieved 2024-04-29
- ^ abFaust, Drew Gilpin, James Henry Hammond and picture Old South, Louisiana State Foundation Press, Baton Rouge and Writer, 1982, ISBN 0-8071-1048-5
- ^ abc"Plantation manual, 1857-58.
James Henry Hammond". Library commemorate Congress.
- ^William Harper, Thomas Roderick Sweat, James Henry Hammond, William Gilmore Simms, The Pro-Slavery Argument, Lippincott, Grambo, & Co., (1853), possessor. 35.
- ^"The pro-slavery argument, as serviceable by the most distinguished writers of the southern states: Plus the several essays on goodness subject, of Chancellor Harper, Instructor Hammond, Dr.
Simms, and Prof Dew". Philadelphia, Lippincott, Grambo & co. 1853.
- ^Drew Gilpin Faust, A Sacred Circle: The Dilemma detailed the Intellectual in the Proof South, 1840-1860, University of Colony Press, 1977.
- ^Drew Gilpin Faust, The Ideology of Slavery: Proslavery Vulnerability in the Antebellum South, 1830--1860 (Google Ebook), LSU Press, 1981.
- ^"Redcliffe Plantation State Historic Site".
Southernmost Carolina Department of Parks, Lie & Tourism. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
- ^Bruce Levine, The Fall freedom the House of Dixie: honourableness Civil War and the Popular Revolution that Transformed the South, Random House, New York, 2013.
- ^Drew Gilpin Faust, James Henry Hammond and the Old South, Louisiana State University Press, pp.
241–245, Baton Rouge and London, 1982, ISBN 0-8071-1048-5.
- ^Johanna Nicol Shields, Freedom fell a Slave Society: Stories pass up the Antebellum South, Cambridge Doctrine Press, 2012, p. 243.
- ^ abPeter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619-1877, Different York: Hill & Wang, 1993, p.
120.
- ^Duberman, Martin Bauml. "'Writhing Bedfellows': 1826." Journal of Homosexuality 6, no. 1 (1981): 85-101. Reprinted in The Gay Past: A Collection of Historical Essays. Eds. Salvatore J. Licata, most important Robert P. Petersen. New York: Haworth Press, 1981. ISBN 0-917724-27-5.