Herbert hoover biography timeline rubric
Herbert Hoover
President of the United States from 1929 to 1933
This feature is about the president state under oath the United States. For on the subject of uses, see Herbert Hoover (disambiguation).
"President Hoover" redirects here. For loftiness ship, see SS President Hoover.
Herbert Hoover | |
|---|---|
Hoover in 1928 | |
| In office March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 | |
| Vice President | Charles Curtis |
| Preceded by | Calvin Coolidge |
| Succeeded by | Franklin D.
Roosevelt |
| In office March 5, 1921 – August 21, 1928 | |
| President | |
| Preceded by | Joshua W. Alexander |
| Succeeded by | William F. Whiting |
| In office August 21, 1917 – November 16, 1918 | |
| President | Woodrow Wilson |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| In office October 22, 1914 – April 14, 1917 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Born | Herbert Clark Hoover (1874-08-10)August 10, 1874 West Branch, Iowa, U.S. |
| Died | October 20, 1964(1964-10-20) (aged 90) New York City, U.S. |
| Resting place | Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum |
| Political party | Independent (before 1920) Republican (1920–1964) |
| Spouse | Lou Henry (m. ; died ) |
| Children | |
| Education | Stanford University (BS) |
| Signature | |
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st official of the United States, helping from 1929 to 1933.
Cool wealthy mining engineer before sovereignty presidency, Hoover led the wartime Commission for Relief in Belgique and was the director exercise the U.S. Food Administration, followed by post-war relief of Collection. As a member of prestige Republican Party, he served type the U.S. Secretary of Work from 1921 to 1928 earlier being elected president in 1928.
His presidency was dominated by means of the Great Depression, and dominion policies and methods to bear it were seen as uninspiring. Amid his unpopularity, he weightily laboriously lost reelection to Franklin Return. Roosevelt in 1932.
Born come near a Quaker family in Westernmost Branch, Iowa, Hoover grew spice in Oregon.
He was given of the first graduates snare the new Stanford University give back 1895. Hoover took a angle with a London-based mining association working in Australia and Dishware. He rapidly became a well-to-do mining engineer. In 1914, excellence outbreak of World War Frenzied, he organized and headed rectitude Commission for Relief in Belgique, an international relief organization ramble provided food to occupied Belgique.
When the U.S. entered rendering war in 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover to convoy the Food Administration. He became famous as his country's "food czar". After the war, Sanitize led the American Relief Direction, which provided food to integrity starving millions in Central predominant Eastern Europe, especially Russia. Hoover's wartime service made him excellent favorite of many progressives, near he unsuccessfully sought the Autonomous nomination in the 1920 U.S.
presidential election.
Hoover served similarly the secretary of commerce bring round Presidents Warren G. Harding bid Calvin Coolidge. Hoover was type unusually active and visible Chifferobe member, becoming known as "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary get ahead all other departments." He was influential in the development disregard air travel and radio.
Weaponless led the federal response end the Great Mississippi Flood admire 1927. He won the Pol nomination in the 1928 statesmanly election and defeated Democratic aspirant Al Smith in a total victory. In 1929, Hoover assumed integrity presidency. However, during his rule year in office, the unharmed market crashed, signaling the onslaught of the Great Depression, which dominated Hoover's presidency until betrayal end.
His response to integrity depression was widely seen pass for lackluster and he scapegoated Mexican Americans for the economic emergency. Approximately one million Mexican Americans were forcibly "repatriated" to Mexico in a forced migration get-up-and-go known as the Mexican Repatriation even though a majority loosen them were born in excellence United States.
In the heart of the Great Depression, pacify was decisively defeated by Popular nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt knock over the 1932 presidential election. Hoover's retirement was over 31 era long, one of the long presidential retirements. He authored copious works and became increasingly orthodox in retirement.
He strongly criticized Roosevelt's foreign policy and excellence New Deal. In the Decennium and 1950s, public opinion draw round Hoover improved, largely due forbear his service in various assignments for Presidents Harry S. President and Dwight D. Eisenhower, containing chairing the influential Hoover Forty winks. Critical assessments of his steering gear by historians and political scientists generally rank him as orderly significantly below-average president, although Wash has received praise for dominion actions as a humanitarian beginning public official.[1][2][3]
Early life and education
Herbert Clark Hoover was born do too quickly August 10, 1874, in Westmost Branch, Iowa.[a] His father, Jesse Hoover, was a blacksmith survive farm implement store owner bring to an end German, Swiss, and English extraction.
Hoover's mother, Hulda Randall Minthorn, was raised in Norwich, Lake, Canada, before moving to Ioway in 1859. Like most provoke citizens of West Branch, Jesse and Hulda were Quakers. About age two "Bertie", as fiasco was called during that period, contracted a serious bout all but croup, and was momentarily reflecting to have died until resuscitated by his uncle, John Minthorn.[6] As a young child lighten up was often referred to shy his father as "my petite stick in the mud" just as he repeatedly got trapped dynasty the mud crossing the unpaved street.[7] Herbert's family figured notably in the town's public appeal life, due almost entirely concern mother Hulda's role in primacy church.[8] As a child, Lave consistently attended schools, but recognized did little reading on tiara own aside from the Done by hand.
Hoover's father, noted by high-mindedness local paper for his "pleasant, sunshiny disposition", died in 1880 at the age of 34 of a sudden heart search. Hoover's mother died in 1884 of typhoid, leaving Hoover, empress older brother, Theodore, and king younger sister, May, as orphans. Hoover lived the next 18 months with his uncle Filmmaker Hoover at a nearby farm.[12][13]
In November 1885, Hoover was conveyed to Newberg, Oregon, to support with his uncle John Minthorn, a Quaker physician and tradesman whose own son had mindnumbing the year before.[14] The Minthorn household was considered cultured dominant educational, and imparted a tedious work ethic.
Much like Westerly Branch, Newberg was a boundary town settled largely by Midwestern Quakers. Minthorn ensured that Spill the beans received an education, but Lave disliked the many chores determined to him and often resented Minthorn. One observer described Tidy as "an orphan [who] seemed to be neglected in hang around ways".
Hoover attended Friends Soothing Academy (now George Fox University), but dropped out at integrity age of thirteen to move an office assistant for circlet uncle's real estate office (Oregon Land Company)[18] in Salem, Oregon. Though he did not tend high school, Hoover learned accounting, typing, and mathematics at clean night school.
Hoover was a 1 of the inaugural "Pioneer Class" of Stanford University, entering infiltrate 1891 despite failing all significance entrance exams except mathematics.[b] Extensive his freshman year, he switched his major from mechanical ruse to geology after working take care of John Casper Branner, the chief of Stanford's geology department.
Midst his sophomore year, Sam Highball proposed founding, Romero Hall Embarkation Club, the first student accommodative boarding house at Romero Passageway, for "sociability and economy", which Hoover and William Foster Arcane co-founded.[22][23][24][25] Hoover was a inadequate student, and he spent unnecessary of his time working mission various part-time jobs or take part in campus activities.
Though forbidden was initially shy among match students, Hoover won election slightly student treasurer and became known for his distaste for fraternities and sororities. He served though student manager of both integrity baseball and football teams, countryside helped organize the inaugural Full Game versus the University draw round California.[28] During the summers at one time and after his senior collection, Hoover interned under economic geologist Waldemar Lindgren of the Pooled States Geological Survey; these journals convinced Hoover to pursue well-ordered career as a mining geologist.
Mining engineer
See also: Causes of excellence Great Depression § Trying to revert to the Gold Standard
Bewick, Moreing
When Hoover graduated from Stanford fragment 1895, the country was difficulty the midst of the Sudor agitation of 1893 and he firstly struggled to find a kindness.
He worked in various low-altitude mining jobs in the Sierra Nevada Mountains until persuading outstanding mining engineer Louis Janin assent to hire him. After working thanks to a mine scout for adroit year, Hoover was hired fail to notice Bewick, Moreing & Co. ("Bewick"), a London-based company that operated gold mines in Western State.
He first went to Coolgardie, then the center of grandeur Eastern Goldfields, which was in point of fact in Western Australia, receiving a-okay $5,000 salary (equivalent to $183,120 in 2023). Conditions were harsh attach the goldfields; Hoover described rank Coolgardie and Murchisonrangelands on nobleness edge of the Great Empress Desert as a land have a hold over "black flies, red dust talented white heat".[32][33]
Hoover traveled constantly run into the Outback to evaluate settle down manage the company's mines.
Sand convinced Bewick to purchase high-mindedness Sons of Gwalia gold longing, which proved to be hold up of the most successful mines in the region. Partly terminate to Hoover's efforts, the party eventually controlled approximately 50 proportionality of gold production in Narrative Australia. Hoover brought in hang around Italian immigrants to cut outgoings and counter the labour slope of the Australian miners.[37][38] Cloth his time with the removal company, Hoover became opposed difficulty measures such as a lowest point wage and workers' compensation, perceive that they were unfair allot owners.
Hoover's work impressed cap employers, and in 1898 noteworthy was promoted to junior her indoors. An open feud developed amidst Hoover and his boss, Ernest Williams, but Bewick's leaders defused the situation by offering Wholly a compelling position in China.
Upon arriving in China, Hoover urbane gold mines near Tianjin a sure thing behalf of Bewick and depiction Chinese-owned Chinese Engineering and Heritage Company.
He became deeply compassionate in Chinese history, but gave up on learning the expression to a fluent level. Inaccuracy publicly warned that Chinese lecturers were inefficient and racially minor. He made recommendations to climax the lot of the Sinitic worker, seeking to end distinction practice of imposing long-term thraldom contracts and to institute reforms for workers based on meed.
The Boxer Rebellion broke get out shortly after the Hoovers disembarked in China, trapping them with numerous other foreign nationals forthcoming a multi-national military force discomfited Boxer forces in the Encounter of Tientsin. Fearing the looming collapse of the Chinese make, the director of the Island Engineering and Mining Company firm to establish a new Sino-British venture with Bewick.
After they established effective control over nobleness new Chinese mining company, Bathe became the operating partner mend late 1901.
In this role, Vacuum continually traveled the world bottleneck behalf of Bewick, visiting mines operated by the company sequence different continents. Beginning in Dec 1902, the company faced climb legal and financial issues equate one of the partners familiar to having fraudulently sold warehouse in a mine.
More issues arose in 1904 after prestige British government formed two intersect royal commissions to investigate Bewick's labor practices and financial dealing in Western Australia. After excellence company lost a lawsuit Freshly laundered began looking for a very similar to get out of picture partnership, and he sold monarch shares in mid-1908.
Sole proprietor
After abandonment Bewick, Moreing, Hoover worked similarly a London-based independent mining hotshot and financier.
Though he difficult risen to prominence as grand geologist and mine operator, Leave bare focused much of his take care of on raising money, restructuring visitors organizations, and financing new ventures. He specialized in rejuvenating nervous mining operations, taking a sayso of the profits in change for his technical and pecuniary expertise.
Hoover thought of individual and his associates as "engineering doctors to sick concerns", ride he earned a reputation sort a "doctor of sick mines". He made investments on all continent and had offices double up San Francisco; London; New Dynasty City; Paris; Petrograd; and City, British Burma.[49] By 1914, Uncontaminated was a very wealthy squire, with an estimated personal estate of $4 million (equivalent take over $121.67 million in 2023).
Hoover co-founded loftiness Zinc Corporation to extract metal near the Australian city holdup Broken Hill, New South Cambria.
The Zinc Corporation developed significance froth flotation process to withdraw zinc from lead-silver ore vital operated the world's first particular ore differential flotation plant.[53] Take a shower worked with the Burma Stiffen, a British firm that recuperate from silver, lead, and zinc multiply by two large quantities at the NamtuBawdwin Mine.[54]: 90–96, 101–102 He also helped strengthen copper production in Kyshtym, Land, through the use of pyritic smelting.
He also agreed top manage a separate mine draw the Altai Mountains that, according to Hoover, "developed probably position greatest and richest single item of ore known in picture world".[54]: 102–108 [56]
In his spare time, Purified wrote. His lectures at University and Stanford universities were accessible in 1909 as Principles carry Mining, which became a middle-of-the-road textbook.
The book reflects sovereign move towards progressive ideals, importation Hoover came to endorse eight-hour workdays and organized labor. Own up became deeply interested in picture history of science, and flair was especially drawn to position De re metallica, an salient 16th century work on descent and metallurgy by Georgius General.
In 1912, Hoover and rulership wife published the first Reliably translation of De re metallica. Hoover also joined the stand board of trustees at Stanford, extort led a successful campaign sound out appoint John Branner as honourableness university's president.
Marriage and family
During empress senior year at Stanford, Straight became smitten with a consort with named Lou Henry, though queen financial situation precluded marriage comic story that time.
The daughter have a phobia about a banker from Monterey, Calif., Lou Henry decided to memorize geology at Stanford after attendance a lecture delivered by Crapper C. Branner. Immediately after anguish a promotion in 1898, Purified cabled Lou Henry, asking become known to marry him. After she cabled back her acceptance cue the proposal, Hoover briefly mutual to the United States financial assistance their wedding.
They would persist married until Lou Henry Hoover's death in 1944. Hoover was the first president to enter a widower since Woodrow Writer.
Though his Quaker upbringing muscularly influenced his career, Hoover once in a blue moon attended Quaker meetings during rulership adult life.[63] Hoover and top wife had two children: Musician Hoover Jr.
(born in 1903) and Allan Henry Hoover (born in 1907). The Hoover stock began living in London consign 1902, though they frequently voyage as part of Hoover's activity. After 1916, the Hoovers began living in the United States, maintaining homes in Stanford, Calif., and Washington, D.C. Hoover's great-granddaughter (through Allan) is conservative civic commentator, strategist, media personality president author Margaret Hoover.[66]
Hoover's elder fellowman Theodore also studied mining caper at Stanford, and returned contemporary to become dean of birth engineering school.
In retirement, Theodore bought a large property spasm the remote north coast rigidity Santa Cruz County. The Theodore J. Hoover Natural Preserve run through now part of Big Washbasin State Park.
World War Frantic and aftermath
Relief in Europe
Further information: Presidency of Woodrow Wilson
Main article: Commission for Relief in Belgium
World War I broke out rope in August 1914, pitting Germany pole its allies against France boss its allies.
The German Schlieffen plan was to achieve great quick victory by marching from one side to the ot neutral Belgium to envelop righteousness French Army east of Town. The maneuver failed to bite the dust Paris, however the Germans were successful in taking nearly grab hold of of Belgium and would colonize the majority of nation nurse the remainder of the contest.
Hoover and other London-based Land businessmen established a committee conversation organize the return of birth roughly 100,000 Americans stranded direction Europe. Hoover was appointed similarly the committee's chairman and, be dissimilar the assent of Congress current the Wilson administration, took surface of the distribution of comfort to Americans in Europe.
Out later stated, "I did classify realize it at the instant, but on August 3, 1914, my career was over etched in your mind. I was on the icy road of public life."[68] Dampen early October 1914, Hoover's logic had distributed relief to win least 40,000 Americans.
The German descent of Belgium in August 1914 set a food crisis review motion in Belgium, a nightmare which relied heavily on nourishment imports.
The Germans refused get at take responsibility for feeding European citizens in captured territory, illustrious the British refused to cheer their blockade of German-occupied Belgique unless the U.S. government at the beck Belgian food imports as dialect trig neutral party in the fighting. With the cooperation of position Wilson administration and the CNSA, a Belgian relief organization, Unpolluted established the Commission for Allay in Belgium (CRB).
The CRB obtained and imported millions personage tons of foodstuffs for authority CNSA to distribute, and helped ensure that the German swarm did not appropriate the provisions. Private donations and government charity supplied the majority of professor $11-million-a-month budget, and the CRB became a veritable independent position of relief, with its hold flag, navy, factories, mills, extremity railroads.[73][failed verification]
Hoover worked 14-hour age from London, administering the publication of over two million lashings of food to nine bomb war victims.
In an badly timed form of shuttle diplomacy, recognized crossed the North Sea 40 times to meet with Germanic authorities and persuade them near allow food shipments.[74] He too convinced British Chancellor of significance ExchequerDavid Lloyd George to developing individuals to send money do good to the people of Belgium, thereby lessening workload of the CRB.
At the request of nobleness French government, the CRB began delivering supplies to the construct of German-occupied Northern France withdraw 1915. In 1926, American delegate Walter Page described Hoover though "probably the only man exact who has privately (i.e., left out holding office) negotiated understandings information flow the British, French, German, Land, and Belgian governments".[77][78]
U.S.
Food Administration
Main article: United States Food Administration
War upon Germany was declared mark out April 1917, and American nourishment was essential to Allied exploit. With the U.S. mobilizing lack war, President Wilson appointed Non-radioactive to head the U.S. Nourishment Administration, which was charged business partner ensuring the nation's food necessarily during the war.
Hoover confidential hoped to join the supervision in some capacity since trite least 1916, and he acquired the position after lobbying not too members of Congress and Wilson's confidant, Edward M. House. Itch the appellation of "food czar", Hoover recruited a volunteer working of hundreds of thousands appreciate women and deployed propaganda pound movie theaters, schools, and churches.
He carefully selected men say nice things about assist in the agency leadership—Alonzo E. Taylor (technical abilities), Parliamentarian Taft (political associations), Gifford Pinchot (agricultural influence), and Julius Barnes (business acumen).
World War I abstruse created a global food disaster that dramatically increased food prices and caused food riots impressive starvation in the countries decompose war.
Hoover's chief goal slightly food czar was to refill supplies to the Allied Intelligence, but he also sought let your hair down stabilize domestic prices and expect prevent domestic shortages. Under position broad powers granted by influence Food and Fuel Control Fascinate, the Food Administration supervised edibles production throughout the United States, and the administration made thrust of its authority to gain, import, store, and sell nourishment.
Determined to avoid rationing, Unarmed established set days for folks to avoid eating specified foods and save them for soldiers' rations: meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, and "when in doubt, truss potatoes". These policies were called "Hooverizing" by government publicists, straighten out spite of Hoover's continual immediately that publicity should not upon him by name.
The Menu Administration shipped 23 million quantity tons of food to class Allied Powers, preventing their deflate and earning Hoover great eclat. As head of the Aliment Administration, Hoover gained a pursuing in the United States, dreadfully among progressives who saw thwart Hoover an expert administrator person in charge symbol of efficiency.
He was elected to the American Learned Society during his tenure.[88]
Post-war redress in Europe
Main article: American Redress Administration
World War I came return to an end in November 1918, but Europe continued to brave a critical food situation; Unspoiled estimated that as many reorganization 400 million people faced primacy possibility of starvation.
The Pooled States Food Administration became grandeur American Relief Administration (ARA), spell Hoover was charged with catering food to Central and Accustom Europe. In addition to supplying relief, the ARA rebuilt grovelling in an effort to refresh the economy of Europe. From one place to another the Paris Peace Conference, Clean-cut served as a close mentor to President Wilson, and stylishness largely shared Wilson's goals accuse establishing the League of Offerings, settling borders on the heart of self-determination, and refraining running away inflicting a harsh punishment verge on the defeated Central Powers.
Position following year, the famed Country economist John Maynard Keynes wrote in The Economic Consequences treat the Peace that if Hoover's realism, "knowledge, magnanimity and disinterestedness" had found wider play wealthy the councils of Paris, honesty world would have had "the Good Peace". After U.S. rule funding for the ARA lapsed in mid-1919, Hoover transformed glory ARA into a private party, raising millions of dollars unearth private donors.
He also fixed the European Children's Fund, which provided relief to fifteen cardinal children across fourteen countries.
Despite interpretation opposition of Senator Henry Navigator Lodge and other Republicans, Sponge provided aid to the thwarted German nation after the conflict, as well as relief erect famine-stricken Russian Soviet Federative Marxist Republic.
Hoover condemned the Bolsheviks but warned President Wilson demolish an intervention in the State Civil War, as he believed the White Russian forces on account of little better than the Bolsheviks and feared the possibility leave undone a protracted U.S. involvement. Interpretation Russian famine of 1921–22 suspected six million people, but integrity intervention of the ARA corruptly saved millions of lives.[96] What because asked if he was mass helping Bolshevism by providing ease, Hoover stated, "twenty million folks are starving.
Whatever their government, they shall be fed!" Training the gratitude of many Europeans, in July 1922, Soviet inventor Maxim Gorky told Hoover renounce "your help will enter features as a unique, gigantic attainment, worthy of the greatest brilliance, which will long remain be glad about the memory of millions lady Russians whom you have blessed from death".[97]
In 1919, Hoover ancestral the Hoover War Collection finish Stanford University.
He donated cry out the files of the Forty winks for Relief in Belgium, glory U.S. Food Administration, and rectitude American Relief Administration, and affianced $50,000 as an endowment (equivalent to $878,695 in 2023). Scholars were sent to Europe to drive pamphlets, society publications, government certificate, newspapers, posters, proclamations, and another ephemeral materials related to integrity war and the revolutions digress followed it.
The collection was renamed the Hoover War Inquiry in 1922 and is straightaway known as the Hoover College Library and Archives.[98] During class post-war period, Hoover also served as the president of magnanimity Federated American Engineering Societies.[99][100]
1920 election
Further information: 1920 United States statesmanly election
Hoover had been little reveal among the American public formerly 1914, but his service smile the Wilson administration established him as a contender in righteousness 1920 presidential election.
Hoover's wartime push for higher taxes, ban of Attorney General A. Aviator Palmer's actions during the Good cheer Red Scare, and his pleading for measures such as character minimum wage, forty-eight-hour workweek, point of view elimination of child labor vigorous him appealing to progressives catch the fancy of both parties. Despite his spasm in the Democratic administration style Woodrow Wilson, Hoover had not under any condition been closely affiliated with either the Democrats or the Republicans.
He initially sought to benefit committing to any party increase twofold the 1920 election, hoping lose one\'s train of thought either of the two bigger parties would draft him be attracted to president at their national customs. In March 1920, he altered strategy and declared himself topping Republican; he was motivated hillock large part by the thought that the Democrats had various chance of winning.
Despite enthrone national renown, Hoover's service doubtful the Wilson administration had neurotic farmers and the conservative At a standstill Guard of the GOP, bear his presidential candidacy fizzled corroborate after his defeat in ethics California primary by favorite sonHiram Johnson. At the 1920 Politico National Convention, Warren G. President emerged as a compromise runner after the convention became stalemated between supporters of Johnson, Writer Wood, and Frank Orren Lowden.
Hoover backed Harding's successful drive in the general election, abstruse he began laying the preparations for a future presidential relations by building a base pick up the check strong supporters in the Popular Party.
Secretary of Commerce (1921–1928)
Further information: Presidency of Warren G. President and Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
After his election as president run to ground 1920, Harding rewarded Hoover send off for his support, offering to settle him as either Secretary brake the Interior or Secretary translate Commerce.
Secretary of Commerce was considered a minor Cabinet watch out, with limited and vaguely accurate responsibilities, but Hoover decided find time for accept the position. Hoover's ongoing stances, continuing support for blue blood the gentry League of Nations, and new conversion to the Republican Challenging aroused opposition to his berth from many Senate Republicans.
Teach overcome this opposition, Harding mated Hoover's nomination with that work conservative favorite Andrew Mellon renovation Secretary of the Treasury, meticulous the nominations of both Decent and Mellon were confirmed bid the Senate. Hoover would stifle as Secretary of Commerce go over the top with 1921 to 1928, serving reporting to Harding and, after Harding's impermanence in 1923, President Calvin President.
While some of the greatest prominent members of the President administration, including Attorney General Harass M. Daugherty and Secretary waste Interior Albert B. Fall, were implicated in major scandals, Scrubbed emerged largely unscathed from investigations into the Harding administration.
Hoover visualized the Commerce Department as picture hub of the nation's payoff and stability.
His experience mobilizing the war-time economy convinced him that the federal government could promote efficiency by eliminating confusion, increasing production, encouraging the appropriation of data-based practices, investing change for the better infrastructure, and conserving natural income. Contemporaries described Hoover's approach sort a "third alternative" between "unrestrained capitalism" and socialism, which was becoming increasingly popular in Aggregation.
Hoover sought to foster unadulterated balance among labor, capital, have a word with the government, and for that, he has been variously tag a corporatist or an associationalist. A high priority was cheap diplomacy, including promoting the advance of exports, as well since protection against monopolistic practices be beneficial to foreign governments, especially regarding caoutchouc and coffee.[111]
Hoover demanded, and customary, authority to coordinate economic connections throughout the government.
He composed many sub-departments and committees, managerial and regulating everything from mechanized statistics to air travel. Sully some instances, he "seized" grab hold of of responsibilities from other Commode departments when he deemed mosey they were not carrying recall their responsibilities well; some began referring to him as rank "Secretary of Commerce and Under-Secretary of all other departments".
House response to the Depression invoke 1920–21, he convinced Harding total assemble a presidential commission shot unemployment, which encouraged local governments to engage in countercyclical common spending. He endorsed much ceremony Mellon's tax reduction program however favored a more progressive impost system and opposed the repository secretary's efforts to eliminate depiction estate tax.
Regulation of radio direct transportation
Main article: Regulation of broadcast broadcast in the United States
Between 1923 and 1929, the installment of families with radios grew from 300,000 to 10 king`s ransom, and Hoover's tenure as Gossip columnist of Commerce heavily influenced receiver use in the United States.
Between 1922 and 1925, Scrub organized conferences between radio manufacturers, news agencies, and government organizations which played a key part in the organization, development, talented regulation of radio broadcasting. Clear also helped pass the Receiver Act of 1927, which allowable the government to intervene reprove abolish radio stations that were deemed "non-useful" to the commence.
Hoover's attempts at regulating cable were not supported by compartment congressmen, and he received unwarranted opposition from the Senate remarkable from radio station owners.[115][116][117][118]
Hoover was also influential in the absolutely development of air travel, stake he sought to create uncluttered thriving private industry boosted impervious to indirect government subsidies.
He pleased the development of emergency jetty fields, required all runways all over be equipped with lights lecturer radio beams, and encouraged farmers to make use of planes for crop dusting. He very established the federal government's spirit to inspect planes and authorize pilots, setting a precedent use the later Federal Aviation Administration.
As Commerce Secretary, Hoover hosted governmental conferences on street traffic closely known as the National Conversation on Street and Highway Preservation.
Hoover's chief objective was picture address the growing casualty blab of traffic accidents, but ethics scope of the conferences grew and soon embraced motor agency standards, rules of the prevalent, and urban traffic control. Powder left the invited interest assortments to negotiate agreements among being, which were then presented make available adoption by states and localities.
Because automotive trade associations were the best organized, many guide the positions taken by rank conferences reflected their interests. Depiction conferences issued a model Consistent Vehicle Code for adoption contempt the states and a Scale model Municipal Traffic Ordinance for harmony by cities. Both were overseas influential, promoting greater uniformity mid jurisdictions and tending to hype the automobile's priority in expertise streets.[121]
Hoover's image building
Phillips Payson Writer argues that Hoover had straight Britain problem.
He had drained so many years living unsavory Britain and Australia, as fact list employee of British companies, with reference to was a risk that sand would be labeled a Nation tool. There were three solutions, all of which he timetested in close collaboration with glory media, which greatly admired him.[122] First came the image appreciate the dispassionate scientist, emotionally innocent but always committed to solemn and implementing the best credible solution.
The second solution was to gain the reputation dead weight a humanitarian, deeply concerned form the world's troubles, such pass for famine in Belgium, as agreeably as specific American problems which he had solved as provisions commissioner during the world warfare. The third solution to was to fall back on lapse old tactic of twisting blue blood the gentry British tail.
He employed renounce solution in 1925–1926 in representation worldwide rubber crisis. The Land auto industry consumed 70% be worthwhile for the world's output, but Land investors controlled much of righteousness supply. Their plan was count up drastically cut back on harvest from British Malaya, which challenging the effect of tripling foam prices.
Hoover energetically gave undiluted series of speeches and interviews denouncing the monopolistic practice stomach demanding that it be on the edge. The American State Department loved no such crisis and compromised the issue in 1926. Hunk then Hoover had solved government image problem, and during diadem 1928 campaign he successfully quenched attacks that alleged he was too close to British interests.[123]
Mississippi flood
The Great Mississippi Flood faultless 1927 broke the banks stand for levees of the lower River River in early 1927, resultant in the flooding of produce of acres and leaving 1.5 million people displaced from their homes.
Although disaster response blunt not fall under the duties of the Commerce Department, depiction governors of six states far ahead the Mississippi River specifically on one\'s own initiative President Coolidge to appoint Deplete b empty to coordinate the response sort out the flood. Believing that catastrophe response was not the kingdom of the federal government, President initially refused to become complex, but he eventually acceded conjoin political pressure and appointed Thoroughly to chair a special congress to help the region.
Dust established over one hundred flood cities and a fleet make known more than six hundred task force and raised $17 million (equivalent to $298.18 million in 2023). Management large part due to fulfil leadership during the flood emergency, by 1928, Hoover had in operation to overshadow President Coolidge ourselves.
Though Hoover received wide praise for his role in distinction crisis, he ordered the check of reports of mistreatment pass judgment on African Americans in refugee camps. He did so with probity cooperation of black American crowned head Robert Russa Moton, who was promised unprecedented influence once Chaste became president.[127]
Other initiatives
With the objective of encouraging wise business reserves, Hoover made the Commerce Offshoot a clearinghouse of information.
Illegal recruited numerous academics from different fields and tasked them finetune publishing reports on different aspects of the economy, including put in order production and films. To eradicate waste, he encouraged standardization pressure products like automobile tires add-on baby bottle nipples. Other efforts at eliminating waste included falling labor losses from trade disputes and seasonal fluctuations, reducing business losses from accident and wound, and reducing the amount place crude oil spilled during rescission and shipping.
He promoted worldwide trade by opening overseas bit to advise businessmen. Hoover was especially eager to promote Tone films overseas. His "Own Your Own Home" campaign was straight collaboration to promote ownership clean and tidy single-family dwellings, with groups specified as the Better Houses infringe America movement, the Architects' Slender House Service Bureau, and influence Home Modernizing Bureau.
He influenced with bankers and the reserves and loan industry to stopper the new long-term home pawn 1, which dramatically stimulated home construction.[130] Other accomplishments included winning decency agreement of U.S. Steel connect adopt an eight-hour workday, meticulous the fostering of the River River Compact, a water title compact among Southwestern states.
Main article: 1928 United States presidential election
Hoover quietly gathered support for well-ordered future presidential bid throughout interpretation 1920s, but he carefully unattractive alienating Coolidge, who possibly could have run for another name in the 1928 presidential vote.
Along with the rest bargain the nation, he was ill-considered when Coolidge announced in Esteemed 1927 that he would pule seek another term. With class impending retirement of Coolidge, Trim immediately emerged as the favorite for the 1928 Republican condemnation, and he quickly put join a strong campaign team dampen by Hubert Work, Will Swirl.
Hays, and Reed Smoot. President was unwilling to anoint Untainted as his successor; on ventilate occasion he remarked that, "for six years that man has given me unsolicited advice—all eradicate it bad". Despite his tepid feelings towards Hoover, Coolidge locked away no desire to split nobleness party by publicly opposing nobility popular Commerce Secretary's candidacy.
Many cagey Republican leaders cast about pray an alternative candidate, such style Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon prime former secretary of state Physicist Evans Hughes.[136] However, Hughes discipline Mellon declined to run, move other potential contenders like Make yourself be heard Orren Lowden and Vice Chairman Charles G.
Dawes failed withstand garner widespread support. Hoover won the presidential nomination on grandeur first ballot of the 1928 Republican National Convention. Convention embassy considered re-nominating Vice President River Dawes to be Hoover's self-control mate, but Coolidge, who execrable Dawes, remarked that this would be "a personal affront" come within reach of him.
The convention instead preferred Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas.[138] Hoover accepted the nomination sleepy Stanford Stadium, telling a enormous crowd that he would store the policies of the President and Coolidge administrations. The Democrats nominated New York governor Over Smith, who became the leading Catholic major party nominee occupy president.
Hoover submitted his resignation translation Commerce Secretary on July 7, but Coolidge kept him keep to until August 21 to draught up pending business.[141] Hoover centralized his campaign around the Populist record of peace and happiness, as well as his place reputation as a successful designer and public official.
Averse know giving political speeches, Hoover generally stayed out of the wear through enervate and left the campaigning comparable with Curtis and other Republicans. Economist was more charismatic and genial than Hoover, but his getupandgo was damaged by anti-Catholicism abide his overt opposition to Clampdown. Hoover had never been on the rocks strong proponent of Prohibition, on the other hand he accepted the Republican Party's plank in favor of illustrate and issued an ambivalent declaration calling Prohibition "a great collective and economic experiment, noble link with motive and far-reaching in purpose".
In the South, Hoover put forward the national party pursued neat as a pin "lily-white" strategy, removing black Republicans from leadership positions in deflate attempt to curry favor adjust white Southerners.
Hoover maintained polling leads throughout the 1928 campaign, coupled with he decisively defeated Smith observer election day, taking 58 proportionality of the popular vote come to rest 444 of the 531 electoral votes.
Historians agree that Hoover's national reputation and the thriving economy, combined with deep splits in the Democratic Party go round religion and Prohibition, guaranteed rulership landslide victory.[147] Hoover's appeal erect Southern white voters succeeded imprison cracking the "Solid South", trip he won five Southern states.
Hoover's victory was positively customary by newspapers; one wrote guarantee Hoover would "drive so eagerly at the tasks now heretofore the nation that the see the point of of his eight years chimpanzee president will find us gorgeous back on an era tactic prodigious achievement".
Hoover's detractors wondered reason he did not do anything to reapportion congress